Global Bromine Market Analysis by Product Type (Elemental Bromine, Bromine Derivatives, Bromine Compounds and Solutions), by Application, by End-Use Industry, by Production Method, and by Region: Industry Overview, Demand–Supply Trends, and Forecast, 2024–2033
Market Overview and Growth Context
The Global Bromine Market is a specialized segment of the inorganic and specialty chemicals industry, characterized by reliance on natural brine resources, a concentrated supply structure, and regulation-driven demand. In 2025, the Global Bromine Market was valued at USD 3.3 billion and is projected to reach USD 4.6 billion by 2033, expanding at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.0% over the forecast period.
Bromine differs fundamentally from bulk halogen chemicals because geography, environmental regulations, and capital-intensive extraction processes constrain its production. Global supply is limited to a small number of bromine-rich brine reserves, primarily in the Dead Sea region, parts of China, and the United States. As a result, market growth is structurally steady rather than cyclical or speculative, with demand anchored in applications where performance, safety, and regulatory compliance are critical.
Industrial Applications and Functional Role of Bromine
Bromine is a function-driven chemical whose demand is shaped by its ability to meet specific industrial performance, safety, and regulatory requirements. Unlike bulk chemicals, bromine is not used for general-purpose applications; instead, it is applied selectively in industries where alternative chemistries either fail to deliver equivalent performance or impose technical or regulatory limitations. As a result, bromine demand is closely tied to a defined set of industrial applications rather than broad economic cycles.
Flame Retardants
Flame retardants are the most significant global application segment for bromine. Brominated flame retardants are widely used in electrical and electronic equipment, construction materials, automotive components, and industrial plastics, where strict fire safety standards are in place. Bromine-based formulations are valued for their high effectiveness at low concentrations, thermal stability, and compatibility with a wide range of polymer systems. Flame retardants account for 40% of global bromine consumption.
In many electronic and electrical applications, brominated flame retardants remain widely used for their proven ability to limit ignition and slow flame propagation. Although regulatory frameworks in several regions promote controlled use and risk management, brominated solutions remain integral to applications that require stringent fire safety and performance.
Oil & Gas Drilling and Completion Fluids
Bromine plays a critical role in the oil and gas industry through its use in high-density, clear brine fluids, such as calcium bromide and zinc bromide solutions. These fluids are essential for drilling and well completion operations, particularly in high-pressure, high-temperature reservoirs, where precise pressure control and formation stability are required.
Bromine-based clear brines are selected for their density range, thermal stability, and low formation-damage characteristics. In complex, high-pressure well environments, substitution options are limited because alternative fluids often fail to deliver the same balance of performance and operational reliability. Consequently, bromine demand in this segment is driven primarily by drilling complexity rather than overall oil and gas price fluctuations.
Water Treatment and Industrial Sanitation
Bromine compounds are widely used in industrial water treatment, including cooling towers, wastewater systems, and recreational water facilities such as pools and spas. Bromine-based disinfectants are particularly effective in high-temperature, high-organic-load environments where chlorine-based alternatives may degrade or lose efficacy.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recognizes bromine as an effective disinfectant for controlling microbial growth in specific industrial and recreational water systems. This application meets recurring, non-discretionary demand, supported by industrialization, urban infrastructure development, and an increasing focus on water quality management. Overall demand for water treatment chemicals is growing in line with industrial output and urbanization.
Environmental Emission Control
Environmental regulation is another critical driver of bromine demand. Bromine compounds are used in mercury emission control systems, particularly in coal-fired power plants, where they enhance mercury oxidation and improve capture efficiency in downstream pollution control equipment.
Under regulatory frameworks such as the U.S. Mercury and Air Toxics Standards, power generators must significantly reduce mercury emissions. Although coal-based power generation is declining in some regions, the rising intensity of bromine use per unit of coal burned has sustained demand for bromine in emission-control applications.
Bromine Products and Solutions Landscape
The Global Bromine market comprises a range of product forms tailored to specific industrial requirements. These include elemental bromine, bromine derivatives, bromine compounds, and bromine solutions for downstream use. Product differentiation is driven more by application needs and regulatory standards than by chemical complexity alone.
Elemental bromine is primarily used as a chemical intermediate, while derivatives and formulated solutions are engineered for performance-critical applications, including flame retardancy, oilfield fluids, and specialty chemical manufacturing. Specialty and high-purity bromine products command higher value due to strict quality, safety, and compliance requirements, contributing to market value growth that outpaces physical volume growth.
Market Size Estimation and Forecast
Global bromine demand in 2025 is estimated at 5,933 thousand metric tons, on a bromine-equivalent basis. This volume reflects global production capacity, typical utilization rates in specialty chemical markets, and consumption across major end-use applications. Over the forecast period, total demand is expected to increase steadily to approximately 7,177 thousand metric tons by 2033.
Market value growth exceeds volume growth due to a gradual shift toward higher-value derivatives, rising regulatory compliance costs, and a larger share of specialty applications. This divergence between value and volume growth is characteristic of mature specialty chemical markets with constrained supply and increasing performance requirements.
Regional Market Dynamics
Asia Pacific is the largest regional bromine market, driven by electronics manufacturing, industrial expansion, and chemical production, particularly in China. North America benefits from established oil and gas activity, advanced industrial infrastructure, and stringent environmental regulations that support bromine demand in emission control and water treatment applications.
Europe shows stable demand, supported by fire safety standards and environmental compliance, despite regulatory scrutiny of certain brominated compounds. The Middle East and Africa region serves as both a production hub and a consumer market, particularly because of bromine extraction from the Dead Sea.
Latin America remains a smaller but steadily growing market, supported by industrial development and water treatment needs.
Technology Trends and Substitution Risks
Technological advances in bromine recovery, processing efficiency, and derivative formulation are improving yields and reducing environmental impact. At the same time, bromine is subject to substitution pressure in selected applications, particularly from phosphorus-based and mineral flame retardants.
However, assessments by regulatory agencies and industry bodies indicate that substitution is often partial and application-specific. Performance limitations, cost considerations, and safety requirements continue to constrain large-scale bromine replacement in critical uses, underscoring its continued relevance in the global chemical landscape.
Competitive Landscape
The Global Bromine Market is highly consolidated at the production level, with the top 2–3 producers accounting for over 60% of global supply. Major producers include Israel Chemicals Ltd., Albemarle Corporation, and Jordan Bromine Company, as well as several regional and China-based manufacturers.
High entry barriers, including resource availability, environmental regulation, and capital requirements, limit new entrants and reinforce the market’s stable competitive structure.
Strategic Outlook and Market Implications
The global bromine market is expected to maintain steady growth over the forecast period, supported by its essential role in safety-critical and regulation-driven applications. Despite environmental scrutiny and substitution risks, bromine’s technical advantages and the absence of fully equivalent alternatives ensure continued demand across multiple industries.
Table of Contents
1. Global Bromine Market: Introduction and Market Overview
1.1. Objectives of the Study
1.2. Global Bromine Market Scope and Market Estimation
1.2.1. Global Bromine Market Overall Market Size (US$ Billion), Market CAGR (%), Market Forecast (2023 - 2033)
1.2.2. Global Bromine Market Revenue Share (%) and Growth Rate (Y-o-Y) from (2023 – 2033)
1.3. Market Segmentation
1.3.1. By Product Type
1.3.2. By Application
1.3.3. By End-Use Industry
1.3.4. By Production Method
1.3.5. By Region
2. Executive Summary
2.1. Demand Side Trends
2.2. Key Market Trends
2.3. Market Demand (US$ Billion) Analysis (2019 – 2025) and Forecast (2027 – 2033)
2.4. Demand and Opportunity Assessment
2.5. Market Dynamics
2.5.1. Drivers
2.5.2. Limitations
2.5.3. Opportunities
2.5.4. Impact Analysis of Drivers and Restraints
2.6. Cost Tear Down Analysis
2.7. Key Developments
2.8. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
2.8.1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
2.8.2. Bargaining Power of Buyers
2.8.3. Threat of Substitutes
2.8.4. Threat of New Entrants
2.8.5. Competitive Rivalry
2.9. PEST Analysis
2.9.1. Political Factors
2.9.2. Economic Factors
2.9.3. Social Factors
2.9.4. Technological Factors
2.10. Market Volume & Consumption Metrics by Country (2019–2025)
2.11. Production Size by Companies & Locations, (2019–2025),
2.11.1. Israel Chemicals Ltd. (ICL)
2.11.2. Albemarle Corporation
2.11.3. Jordan Bromine Company
2.11.4. Lanxess AG
2.11.5. Tosoh Corporation
2.11.6. Shandong Haiwang Chemical
2.11.7. Shandong Weifang Longwei Industrial
2.11.8. Shandong Moris Technology
2.11.9. Gulf Resources
2.11.10. Others
3. Global Bromine Market Estimates & Historical Trend Analysis (2019-2025)
4. Global Bromine Market Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis, by Product Type
4.1.1. Global Bromine Market Revenue (US$ Billion) Estimates and Forecasts, Product Type, (2019 – 2033)
4.1.2. Elemental Bromine
4.1.3. Hydrobromic Acid
4.1.4. Organobromine Compounds
4.1.5. Brominated Salts (e.g., calcium bromide, zinc bromide)
4.1.6. Other Specialty Bromine Compounds
5. Global Bromine Market Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis, by Application
5.1. Global Bromine Market Revenue (US$ Billion) Estimates and Forecasts, Application, (2019 – 2033)
5.1.1. Flame Retardants
5.1.2. Oil & Gas Drilling and Completion Fluids
5.1.3. Water Treatment and Industrial Sanitation
5.1.4. Pharmaceuticals and Agrochemicals
5.1.5. Mercury Emission Control
5.1.6. Photography and Imaging Chemicals
5.1.7. Other Industrial Applications
6. Global Bromine Market Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis, by End-Use Industry
6.1. Global Bromine Market Revenue (US$ Billion) Estimates and Forecasts, by End-Use Industry, (2019 – 2033)
6.1.1. Electronics and Electricals
6.1.2. Construction
6.1.3. Oil & Gas
6.1.4. Chemicals and Specialty Manufacturing
6.1.5. Pharmaceuticals
6.1.6. Power Generation
6.1.7. Automotive
6.1.8. Others
7. Global Bromine Market: Market Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis, by Production Method
7.1. Global Bromine Market Revenue (US$ Billion) Estimates and Forecasts, Production Method, (2019 – 2033)
7.1.1. Brine Extraction
7.1.2. Seawater Extraction
8. Global Bromine Market Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis, by Region
8.1. Global Bromine Market Revenue (US$ Billion) Estimates and Forecasts, by Region, (2019 – 2033)
8.1.1. North America
8.1.2. Europe
8.1.3. Asia Pacific
8.1.4. Middle East & Africa
8.1.5. South America
9. North America Bromine Market: Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis
9.1. North America Bromine Market Assessments & Key Findings
9.1.1. North America Bromine Market Introduction
9.1.2. North America Bromine Market Size Estimates and Forecast (US$ Billion) (2019 - 2033)
9.1.2.1. By Product Type
9.1.2.2. By Application
9.1.2.3. By End-Use Industry
9.1.2.4. By Production Method
9.1.2.5. By Country
9.1.2.5.1. The U.S.
9.1.2.5.1.1. By Product Type
9.1.2.5.1.2. By Application
9.1.2.5.1.3. By End-Use Industry
9.1.2.5.1.4. By Production Method
9.1.2.5.1.5. Top Companies Market Share in the U.S., (2019-2025)
9.1.2.5.2. Canada
9.1.2.5.2.1. By Product Type
9.1.2.5.2.2. By Application
9.1.2.5.2.3. By End-Use Industry
9.1.2.5.2.4. By Production Method
9.1.2.5.2.5. Top Companies Market Share in Canada, (2019-2025)
9.1.2.5.3. Mexico
9.1.2.5.3.1. By Product Type
9.1.2.5.3.2. By Application
9.1.2.5.3.3. By End-Use Industry
9.1.2.5.3.4. By Production Method
9.1.2.5.3.5. Top Companies Market Share in Mexico, (2019-2025)
10. Western Europe Bromine Market: Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis
10.1. Western Europe Bromine Market: Market Assessments & Key Findings
10.1.1. Western Europe Bromine Market: Market Introduction
10.1.2. Western Europe Bromine Market Size Estimates and Forecast (US$ Billion) (2019 - 2033)
10.1.2.1. By Product Type
10.1.2.2. By Application
10.1.2.3. By End-Use Industry
10.1.2.4. By Production Method
10.1.2.5. By Country
10.1.2.5.1. Germany
10.1.2.5.1.1. By Product Type
10.1.2.5.1.2. By Application
10.1.2.5.1.3. By End-Use Industry
10.1.2.5.1.4. By Production Method
10.1.2.5.1.5. Top Companies Market Share in Germany, (2019-2025)
10.1.2.5.2. Italy
10.1.2.5.2.1. By Product Type
10.1.2.5.2.2. By Product Type
10.1.2.5.2.3. By Application
10.1.2.5.2.4. By End-Use Industry
10.1.2.5.2.5. By Production Method
10.1.2.5.2.6. Top Companies Market Share in Italy, (2019-2025)
10.1.2.5.3. U.K.
10.1.2.5.3.1. By Product Type
10.1.2.5.3.2. By Application
10.1.2.5.3.3. By End-Use Industry
10.1.2.5.3.4. By Production Method
10.1.2.5.3.5. Top Companies Market Share in the U.K., (2019-2025)
10.1.2.5.4. France
10.1.2.5.4.1. By Product Type
10.1.2.5.4.2. By Application
10.1.2.5.4.3. By End-Use Industry
10.1.2.5.4.4. By Production Method
10.1.2.5.4.5. Top Companies Market Share in France, (2019-2025)
10.1.2.5.5. Spain
10.1.2.5.5.1. By Product Type
10.1.2.5.5.2. By Application
10.1.2.5.5.3. By End-Use Industry
10.1.2.5.5.4. By Production Method
10.1.2.5.5.5. Top Companies Market Share in Spain, (2019-2025)
10.1.2.5.6. Benelux
10.1.2.5.6.1. By Product Type
10.1.2.5.6.2. By Application
10.1.2.5.6.3. By End-Use Industry
10.1.2.5.6.4. By Production Method
10.1.2.5.6.5. Top Companies Market Share in Benelux, (2019-2025)
10.1.2.5.7. Nordics
10.1.2.5.7.1. By Product Type
10.1.2.5.7.2. By Application
10.1.2.5.7.3. By End-Use Industry
10.1.2.5.7.4. By Production Method
10.1.2.5.7.5. Top Companies Market Share in Nordics, (2019-2025)
10.1.2.5.8. Rest of W. Europe
10.1.2.5.8.1. By Product Type
10.1.2.5.8.2. By Application
10.1.2.5.8.3. By End-Use Industry
10.1.2.5.8.4. By Production Method
10.1.2.5.8.5. Top Companies Market Share in Rest of Western Europe, 2019-2024
11. Eastern Europe Bromine Market: Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis
11.1. Eastern Europe Bromine Market Assessments & Key Findings
11.1.1. Eastern Europe Bromine Market Introduction
11.1.2. Eastern Europe Bromine Market Size Estimates and Forecast (US$ Billion) (2019 - 2033)
11.1.2.1.1. By Product Type
11.1.2.1.2. By Application
11.1.2.1.3. By End-Use Industry
11.1.2.1.4. By Production Method
11.1.2.1.5. Russia
11.1.2.1.5.1. By Product Type
11.1.2.1.5.2. By Application
11.1.2.1.5.3. By End-Use Industry
11.1.2.1.5.4. By Production Method
11.1.2.1.5.5. Top Companies Market Share in Russia, (2019-2025)
11.1.2.1.6. Hungary
11.1.2.1.6.1. By Product Type
11.1.2.1.6.2. By Application
11.1.2.1.6.3. By End-Use Industry
11.1.2.1.6.4. By Production Method
11.1.2.1.6.5. Top Companies Market Share in Hungary, (2019-2025)
11.1.2.1.7. Poland
11.1.2.1.7.1. By Product Type
11.1.2.1.7.2. By Application
11.1.2.1.7.3. By End-Use Industry
11.1.2.1.7.4. By Production Method
11.1.2.1.7.5. Top Companies Market Share in Poland, (2019-2025)
11.1.2.1.8. Balkan & Baltics
11.1.2.1.8.1. By Product Type
11.1.2.1.8.2. By Application
11.1.2.1.8.3. By End-Use Industry
11.1.2.1.8.4. By Production Method
11.1.2.1.8.5. Top Companies Market Share in Balkans and Baltics, (2019-2025)
11.1.2.1.9. Rest of E. Europe
11.1.2.1.9.1. By Product Type
11.1.2.1.9.2. By Application
11.1.2.1.9.3. By End-Use Industry
11.1.2.1.9.4. By Production Method
11.1.2.1.9.5. Top Companies Market Share in Eastern Europe, (2019-2025)
12. Asia Pacific Bromine Market: Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis
12.1. Asia Pacific Bromine Market Assessments & Key Findings
12.1.1. Asia Pacific Bromine Market Introduction
12.1.2. Asia Pacific Bromine Market Size Estimates and Forecast (US$ Billion) (2019 - 2033)
12.1.2.1. By Product Type
12.1.2.2. By Application
12.1.2.3. By End-Use Industry
12.1.2.4. By Production Method
12.1.2.5. By Country
12.1.2.5.1. China
12.1.2.5.1.1. By Product Type
12.1.2.5.1.2. By Product Type
12.1.2.5.1.3. By Application
12.1.2.5.1.4. By End-Use Industry
12.1.2.5.1.5. By Production Method
12.1.2.5.1.6. Top Companies Market Share in China, (2019-2025)
12.1.2.5.2. Japan
12.1.2.5.2.1. By Product Type
12.1.2.5.2.2. By Application
12.1.2.5.2.3. By End-Use Industry
12.1.2.5.2.4. By Production Method
12.1.2.5.2.5. Top Companies Market Share in Japan, (2019-2025)
12.1.2.5.3. India
12.1.2.5.3.1. By Product Type
12.1.2.5.3.2. By Application
12.1.2.5.3.3. By End-Use Industry
12.1.2.5.3.4. By Production Method
12.1.2.5.3.5. Top Companies Market Share in India, (2019-2025)
12.1.2.5.4. Australia & New Zealand
12.1.2.5.4.1. By Product Type
12.1.2.5.4.2. By Application
12.1.2.5.4.3. By End-Use Industry
12.1.2.5.4.4. By Production Method
12.1.2.5.4.5. Top Companies Market Share in Australia and New Zealand, (2019-2025)
12.1.2.5.5. South Korea
12.1.2.5.5.1. By Product Type
12.1.2.5.5.2. By Application
12.1.2.5.5.3. By End-Use Industry
12.1.2.5.5.4. By Production Method
12.1.2.5.5.5. Top Companies Market Share in South Korea, (2019-2025)
12.1.2.5.6. ASEAN
12.1.2.5.6.1. By Product Type
12.1.2.5.6.2. By Application
12.1.2.5.6.3. By End-Use Industry
12.1.2.5.6.4. By Production Method
12.1.2.5.6.5. Top Companies Market Share in ASEAN, (2019-2025)
12.1.2.5.7. Rest of Asia Pacific
12.1.2.5.7.1. By Product Type
12.1.2.5.7.2. By Application
12.1.2.5.7.3. By End-Use Industry
12.1.2.5.7.4. By Production Method
12.1.2.5.7.5. Top Companies Market Share in Rest of Asia Pacific (2019-2025)
13. Middle East & Africa Bromine Market: Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis
13.1. Middle East & Africa Bromine Market Assessments & Key Findings
13.1.1. Middle East & Africa Bromine Market Introduction
13.1.2. Middle East & Africa Bromine Market Size Estimates and Forecast (US$ Billion) (2019 - 2033)
13.1.2.1. By Product Type
13.1.2.2. By Application
13.1.2.3. By End-Use Industry
13.1.2.4. By Production Method
13.1.2.5. By Country
13.1.2.5.1. UAE
13.1.2.5.1.1. By Product Type
13.1.2.5.1.2. By Application
13.1.2.5.1.3. By End-Use Industry
13.1.2.5.1.4. By Production Method
13.1.2.5.1.5. Top Companies Market Share in UAE, (2019-2025)
13.1.2.5.2. Saudi Arabia
13.1.2.5.2.1. By Product Type
13.1.2.5.2.2. By Application
13.1.2.5.2.3. By End-Use Industry
13.1.2.5.2.4. By Production Method
13.1.2.5.2.5. Top Companies Market Share in Saudi Arabia, (2019-2025)
13.1.2.5.3. Turkey
13.1.2.5.3.1. By Product Type
13.1.2.5.3.2. By Application
13.1.2.5.3.3. By End-Use Industry
13.1.2.5.3.4. By Production Method
13.1.2.5.3.5. Top Companies Market Share in Turkey, (2019-2025)
13.1.2.5.4. South Africa
13.1.2.5.4.1. By Product Type
13.1.2.5.4.2. By Application
13.1.2.5.4.3. By End-Use Industry
13.1.2.5.4.4. By Production Method
13.1.2.5.4.5. Top Companies Market Share in South Africa, (2019-2025)
13.1.2.5.5. Rest of MEA
13.1.2.5.5.1. By Product Type
13.1.2.5.5.2. By Application
13.1.2.5.5.3. By End-Use Industry
13.1.2.5.5.4. By Production Method
13.1.2.5.5.5. Top Companies Market Share in Rest of MEA, (2019-2025)
14. Latin America Bromine Market: Estimates & Forecast Trend Analysis
14.1. Latin America Bromine Market Assessments & Key Findings
14.1.1. Latin America Bromine Market Introduction
14.1.2. Latin America Bromine Market Size Estimates and Forecast (US$ Billion) (2019 - 2033)
14.1.2.1. By Product Type
14.1.2.2. By Application
14.1.2.3. By End-Use Industry
14.1.2.4. By Production Method
14.1.2.5. By Country
14.1.2.5.1. Brazil
14.1.2.5.1.1. By Product Type
14.1.2.5.1.2. By Application
14.1.2.5.1.3. By End-Use Industry
14.1.2.5.1.4. By Production Method
14.1.2.5.1.5. Top Companies Market Share in Brazil, (2019-2025)
14.1.2.5.2. Argentina
14.1.2.5.2.1. By Product Type
14.1.2.5.2.2. By Application
14.1.2.5.2.3. By End-Use Industry
14.1.2.5.2.4. By Production Method
14.1.2.5.2.5. Top Companies Market Share in Argentina, (2019-2025)
14.1.2.5.3. Colombia
14.1.2.5.3.1. By Product Type
14.1.2.5.3.2. By Application
14.1.2.5.3.3. By End-Use Industry
14.1.2.5.3.4. By Production Method
14.1.2.5.3.5. Top Companies Market Share in Colombia, (2019-2025)
14.1.2.5.4. Rest of LATAM
14.1.2.5.4.1. By Product Type
14.1.2.5.4.2. By Application
14.1.2.5.4.3. By End-Use Industry
14.1.2.5.4.4. By Production Method
14.1.2.5.4.5. Top Companies Market Share in Rest of LATAM, (2019-2025)
15. Country-Wise Bromine Market: Introduction
16. Competition Landscape
16.1. Global Bromine Market Product Mapping
16.2. Global Bromine Market Concentration Analysis, by Leading Players / Innovators / Emerging Players / New Entrants
16.3. Global Bromine Market Tier Structure Analysis
16.4. Global Bromine Market Concentration & Company Market Shares (%) Analysis, 2024
17. Company Profiles
17.1. Israel Chemicals Ltd. (ICL)
17.1.1. Company Overview & Key Stats
17.1.2. Revenue (USD Billion), Sales (Units), and Gross Margin & Market Share, 2019-2025
17.1.3. Product Portfolio & Pricing Analysis
17.1.4. SWOT Analysis
17.1.5. Business Strategy & Recent Developments
* Similar details would be provided for all the players mentioned below
17.2. Albemarle Corporation
17.3. Jordan Bromine Company
17.4. Lanxess AG
17.5. Tosoh Corporation
17.6. Shandong Haiwang Chemical
17.7. Shandong Weifang Longwei Industrial
17.8. Shandong Moris Technology
17.9. Gulf Resources
18. Research Methodology
18.1. External Transportations / Databases
18.2. Internal Proprietary Database
18.3. Primary Research
18.4. Secondary Research
18.5. Assumptions
18.6. Limitations
18.7. Report FAQs
19. Research Findings & Conclusion
No of Tables: 250
No of Figures: 200